An annual gathering of top international security figures that last year set the tone for a growing rift between the US and Europe will begin on Friday, bringing together many top European officials with US Secretary of State Marco Rubio and others.

The Munich Security Conference opens with a speech by German Chancellor Friedrich Merz, one of 15 heads of state or government from EU countries whom organizers expect to attend.

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The many other expected guests at the conference that runs until Sunday include Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. In keeping with the conference's tradition, there will also be a large delegation of members of the US Congress.

"Trans-Atlantic relations have been the backbone of this conference since it was founded in 1963 and trans-Atlantic relations are currently in a significant crisis of confidence and credibility," conference chairman Wolfgang Ischinger said earlier this week. 

"It is particularly welcome that the American side has such great interest in Munich."

At last year's conference, held a few weeks into US President Donald Trump's second term, Vice President JD Vance stunned European leaders by lecturing them about the state of democracy on the continent.

A series of Trump statements and moves targeting allies followed in the months after that - including, last month, his later-abandoned threat to impose new tariffs on several European countries in a bid to secure US control of Greenland, a semiautonomous territory of NATO ally Denmark.

This year's meeting also comes against a backdrop of multiple conflicts, including the conflict in Ukraine, Gaza and Sudan.

"I cannot remember a time when we had more simultaneous wars, crises, and conflicts of that dimension," Ischinger, the former German diplomat, added.

With Rubio heading the US delegation this year, European leaders can hope for a less contentious approach more focused on traditional global security concerns, though a philosophically similar one. Rubio will face a heavy lift if he wants to calm the waters, however.

"In the end it's about trust: do we trust each other as partners and can this lack of trust be repaired?" said Claudia Major, a senior vice president at the German Marshall Fund in Berlin. 

"Particularly Greenland has been a fundamental change for Europeans. That one NATO ally threatens another NATO ally has deeply affected European trust in the trans-Atlantic relationship."

Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen revealed in Munich on Friday she planned to meet Rubio at the conference and discuss Greenland. Greenland's Prime Minister Jens-Frederik Nielsen is also set to participate in the meeting.