The last Czech black coal shaft will shut at the end of January, closing the door on more than 250 years of deep mining and bringing to an end an industry that powered the rise of heavy industry in Central Europe.

The final tons are being hauled this month from kilometer‑deep shafts at the CSM mine in Stonava, near the Polish border, as low coal prices and Europe's industrial and environmental transition sap demand for what was once the region's most prized resource.

State‑owned OKD had been preparing to shut down three years ago, until the conflict between Russian and Ukraine in 2022 sent energy markets surging and bought the mine a short‑lived extension.

For the last time miners rattle into the dark on the underground railway, headlamps flickering across steel supports as machines drill into the coal face.

"It is sad that the shaft is ending, it is hard work but good work," said Grzegorz Sobolewski, a Polish miner who is considering taking another job across the border in Poland, where shafts remain in operation.

"I will miss the work, I will miss the shearer," referring to the cutting machine that slices coal from the face as it moves along the seam. Behind him, another miner shouted instructions over the roar of machinery – a sound soon to disappear from the basin.

OKD director Roman Sikora said the mine's depth had become its weakness.

"Global coal prices are low, while our mining costs are ever greater with the ever greater depths we go to," he said.

Industrial heartland faces post-coal future

Mining in the Ostrava region began in the late 18th century and turned a rural corner of the Habsburg empire into an industrial enclave.

Investors, including the Rothschild family, financed major industrial projects such as railways, steelworks and supporting infrastructure, helping draw tens of thousands of labourers into what became a powerhouse of heavy industry.

The industry got another boost after nationalization in 1948. In the 1980s, more than 100,000 miners worked the basin and OKD produced up to 25 million metric tons a year.

Much of that world collapsed after 1989 when heavy industry unraveled, pits closed one by one and tens of thousands of miners lost their livelihoods.

When privatised OKD went bankrupt a decade ago, the state took it over to wind it down. By last October, OKD had mined just 1.1 million tons for the year and shrunk its workforce to 2,300, with another 1,550 to be let go in the coming months.

Workforce reshaped by decades of mine closures 

Economist Jan Belardi of the Technical University of Ostrava said the 1990s and early 2000s were the hardest years, as the region grappled with mass redundancies and the slow arrival of new industries.

Today unemployment stands at 6.6 percent – still above the national average, but far from the levels of the post 1989 slump, bolstered by retraining schemes and foreign investors drawn to the area after Czechia joined the EU in 2004.

"Being on the border with Poland and Slovakia, this region had a significant influx of foreign direct investment such as South Korea's Hyundai," he said.

Mining also leaves behind an environmental impact, including polluted lagoons or ground drops, and former mines' surface installations.

The region is getting 19 billion crowns ($907.96 million) from the EU's Just Transition fund for transformation of regions affected by the bloc's decarbonization policies, Belardi said.

In Poland, black coal mining still employs 70,000, and unions have won pledges to keep mining until 2049. In western Czechia, surface mining of lignite is expected to continue for several more years.

OKD itself is trying to shape a future above ground. The company aims to stay active in coal trading and develop new ventures including a battery park, a data center and a small methane‑fuelled power plant using gas seeping from the old shafts.

"We have quite grand plans with OKD in the future," Sikora said.