Populations of European bumblebees are projected to fall drastically due to climate change and habitat loss, researchers have warned. Europe's 68 species of bumblebees - including the fluffy, black-and-yellow striped ones often seen buzzing through gardens - play a crucial role in pollinating crops and wild plants.

But they are used to the cooler temperatures of the Northern Hemisphere, and a warming world caused by human-caused climate change is putting them increasingly under threat, according to the study in the journal Nature.

A team of Belgian researchers collected data on 46 bumblebee species across Europe, assessing the past (1901-1970) and present (2001-2014), comprising more than 400,000 different observations.

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They combined this data with the latest modeling from the UN's IPCC climate change panel as well as predictions of changes in land use. 

Under the worst-case scenario, they found that up to 75 percent of bumblebee species not currently threatened will see their "distribution area shrink 30 percent by 2061-2080," lead author Guillaume Ghisbain of the Universite Libre de Bruxelles said.

This means that most of the European bumblebees currently classified as of "least concern" on the IUCN's list of threatened species could fall into the endangered category. Bumblebee species in Arctic or alpine environments may even be pushed to the edge of extinction, with an expected loss of 90 percent of their habitat. 

There was also bad news for the most common of Europe's bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, a plump bee often spotted pollinating flowers in backyards. By 2080, it "would see the limit of its geographical distribution, which currently borders the Sahara Desert, pull back to the Loire Valley," in central France, said co-author Pierre Rasmont of the University of Mons. 

Heat sensitivity

Part of the predicted decline was due to how land is expected to be used in the next half century. 

"Intensive agriculture fragments habitats and relies on synthetic fertilisers which artificially enrich the soil with nitrogen," Ghisbain added. "However, bumblebees mainly consume plants which grow in soil poor in nitrogen such as clover." 

Repeated droughts, made more frequent and severe by climate change, also kill off the plants eaten by bumblebees. But heatwaves intensified by global warming pose an even bigger threat. Apart from a few resistant species, bumblebees are particularly sensitive to heat. 

"We observed this in our laboratory one day when the air conditioning broke down - it was 40 degrees Celsius and our colonies died in less than an hour," Rasmont said. "Some survive, but their sperm becomes deficient." 

The researchers suggested that some bees could seek refuge in the cooler climes of Scandinavia. Some industrious bees have already been spotted further north. 

"One day I was collecting bumblebees in northern Norway and suddenly, among the Arctic species, I came across a Bombus terrestris," Rasmont said. "It had leapt 800 kilometers north of its natural habitat."

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